Surface melt and subsequent firn air depletion can ultimately lead to disintegration of Antarctic
ice shelves 1 , 2 causing grounded glaciers to accelerate 3 and sea level to rise. In the …

In recent decades, meltwater runoff has accelerated to become the dominant mechanism for
mass loss in the Greenland ice sheet 1 , 2 – 3 . In Greenland’s high-elevation interior, …

Firn simulations are essential for understanding Antarctic ice sheet mass change, as they
enable us to convert satellite altimetry observed volume changes to mass changes and column …

Firn simulations are essential for understanding Antarctic ice sheet mass change as they
enable us to convert satellite altimetry observed volume changes to mass changes, and to …

The previous interglacial (Eemian, 130-114 kyr BP) had a mean sea level highstand 4 to 7 m
above the current level, and, according to climate proxies, a 2 to 6 K warmer Arctic summer …

In this study, 3265 multiyear averaged in situ observations and 29 observational records at
annual time scale are used to examine the performance of recent reanalysis and regional …

Ice losses from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets have accelerated since the 1990s,
accounting for a significant increase in global mean sea level. Here, we present a new 29-…