While a plethora of extracellular molecules exist that modulate cellular functions via binding
to membrane receptors inside the cell, their actions are mediated by relatively few signalling …

It is more than a decade since the discovery of the first forkhead-box (FOX) transcription
factor in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In the intervening time, there has been an …

Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a small and heterogeneous fraction of the hematopoietic
system, specialized in antigen capture, processing, and presentation. The different DC subsets …

Intestinal microbes provide multicellular hosts with nutrients and confer resistance to infection.
The delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, essential for gut …

A serine/threonine kinase, named protein kinase B (PKB) 1 for its sequence homology to both
protein kinase A and C, has previously been isolated. PKB, which is identical to the kinase …

Reactive oxygen species are required for cell proliferation but can also induce apoptosis 1 .
In proliferating cells this paradox is solved by the activation of protein kinase B (PKB; also …

Cell death is regulated mainly through an evolutionarily conserved form of cell suicide termed
apoptosis [1]. Deregulation of apoptosis has been associated with cancer, autoimmune …

Developing sympathetic neurons die by apoptosis when deprived of NGF. BIM, a BH3-only
member of the BCL-2 family, is induced after NGF withdrawal in these cells and contributes to …

Interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulate the
survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic lineages. Phosphatidylinositol 3-…

The cytokine IL-2 plays a very important role in the proliferation and survival of activated T
cells. These effects of IL-2 are dependent on signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-…