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| Training compute-optimal large language models J Hoffmann, S Borgeaud, A Mensch, E Buchatskaya, T Cai, E Rutherford, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.15556, 2022 | 1970* | 2022 |
| Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models G Team, R Anil, S Borgeaud, Y Wu, JB Alayrac, J Yu, R Soricut, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.11805, 2023 | 1490 | 2023 |
| Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher JW Rae, S Borgeaud, T Cai, K Millican, J Hoffmann, F Song, J Aslanides, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.11446, 2021 | 945 | 2021 |
| Gemma: Open models based on gemini research and technology G Team, T Mesnard, C Hardin, R Dadashi, S Bhupatiraju, S Pathak, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.08295, 2024 | 425 | 2024 |
| Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context M Reid, N Savinov, D Teplyashin, D Lepikhin, T Lillicrap, J Alayrac, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.05530, 2024 | 358 | 2024 |
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| Gemma 2: Improving open language models at a practical size G Team, M Riviere, S Pathak, PG Sessa, C Hardin, S Bhupatiraju, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.00118, 2024 | 40 | 2024 |
