Influenza infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality each year, with
the highest infection rates found in the elderly population. The main strategy to reduce the …

Hepatitis B is a serious public health problem. Worldwide three different levels of hepatitis B
endemicity (high, intermediate and low) can be distinguished. Areas with different levels of …

Pertussis has recently re-emerged in well-vaccinated populations most likely due to a
combination of pathogen adaptation and waning of vaccine-induced pertussis immunity. Changes …

Protective immunity to leishmaniasis has been demonstrated in murine models to be mediated
by T cells and the cytokines they produce. We have previously shown that resistance to …

Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis worldwide.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, is …

Background Modulation of the host immune response by helminths has been reported to be
essential for parasite survival and also to benefit the host by suppressing inflammatory …

Neonates are highly susceptible to diseases and display biased type 2 immune responses,
although no skewing to type 2 cytokines has been reported. In view of the emerging …

NK cells play an important role in the early defense against invading pathogens. Although it
is well established that infection leads to a substantial, local increase in NK cell numbers, …

Neisseria meningitidis and Bordetella pertussis are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that
can cause serious diseases in humans. N. meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) …

Two class I major histocompatibility (MHC) mutant mouse strains, H‐2 bm14 and H‐2 bm6 ,
differ from the strain of origin C57BL/6 (B6, H‐2 b ) in one and two amino acids of the H‐2D b …