BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To review methods that seek to adjust for confounding in
observational studies when assessing intended drug effects. METHODS: We reviewed the …

Objectives To assess the current practice of propensity score (PS) analysis in the medical
literature, particularly the assessment and reporting of balance on confounders. Study Design …

Noninferiority trials are used to assess whether the effect of a new drug is not worse than an
active comparator by more than a noninferiority margin. If the difference between the new …

Objective To use the rs1229984 variant in the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) as
an instrument to investigate the causal role of alcohol in cardiovascular disease. Design …

Background High plasma HDL cholesterol is associated with reduced risk of myocardial
infarction, but whether this association is causal is unclear. Exploiting the fact that genotypes are …

Background Statins increase the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to
assess whether this increase in risk is a consequence of inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl…

Measures of interaction on an additive scale (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI],
attributable proportion [AP], synergy index [S]), were developed for risk factors rather than …

To correct for confounding, the method of instrumental variables (IV) has been proposed. Its
use in medical literature is still rather limited because of unfamiliarity or inapplicability. By …

Despite initial enthusiasm, 1 , 2 , 3 the use of pharmacogenetics has remained limited to
investigation in only a few clinical fields such as oncology and psychiatry. , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 The main …

To identify genetic factors contributing to type 2 diabetes (T2D), we performed large-scale
meta-analyses by using a custom ∼50,000 SNP genotyping array (the ITMAT-Broad-CARe …