Increasing evidence of interdependence between G protein-coupled receptors and receptor
tyrosine kinase signaling pathways has prompted reevaluation of crosstalk between these …

Context Teprotumumab therapy for thyroid eye disease (TED) patients represents a major
step forward. It targets and inhibits the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and its …

Context: The TSH receptor (TSHR) is considered the main target of stimulatory autoantibodies
in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO); however, it has been suggested that …

Context: There is no pathogenetically linked medical therapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO).
Lack of animal models and conflicting in vitro studies have hindered the development of …

Although there are adequate therapies for Graves’ hyperthyroidism, mild to moderate Graves’
orbitopathy (GO) is usually treated symptomatically whereas definitive therapy is reserved …

Endogenously expressed TSH receptors (TSHRs) on orbital fibroblasts of patients with
Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) use crosstalk with IGF1 receptors (IGF1R) to synergistically …

We previously showed that thyrotropin (TSH)/insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor cross-talk
appears to be involved in Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) pathogenesis and upregulation of …

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease caused in part by thyroid-stimulating
antibodies (TSAbs) that activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). In Graves’ …

Context We previously presented evidence that TSH receptor (TSHR)-stimulating
autoantibodies (TSAbs) bind to and activate TSHRs but do not bind to IGF1 receptors (IGF1Rs). …

Questions of if and when protein structures change within cells pervade biology and include
questions of how the cytoskeleton sustains stresses on cells—particularly in mutant versus …