… For example, branched chain amino acids are good indicators of proteolysis in hepatocytes,
but not in muscle cells where they are further oxidized (Meijer AJ, personal communication). …

Macroautophagy is a vacuolar, self-digesting mechanism responsible for the removal of long-lived
proteins and damaged organelles by the lysosome. The discovery of the ATG genes …

The recent period has witnessed progress in the understanding of the lysosomal autophagic
pathway. The discovery of a family of genes conserved from yeast to humans, and involved …

3-Methyladenine which stops macroautophagy at the sequestration step in mammalian cells
also inhibits the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity raising the possibility that PI3K …

In rat hepatocytes, autophagy is known to be inhibited by amino acids. Insulin and cell
swelling promote inhibition by amino acids. Each of the conditions leading to inhibition of …

The tumor suppressor PTEN is a dual protein and phosphoinositide phosphatase that
negatively controls the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) signaling …

Recent studies indicate that phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase is essential in the regulation of
many processes dependent on membrane flow. Autophagy is a complex pathway in which cell …

The term open government is often used to describe initiatives of putting government
information on the Internet. This conceptualization is too restricted since open government is not …

I. OVERVIEW this pathway at a given constant intrahepatic ammonia’concentration, must be
carefully controlled for several F. l 1 1 1 P reasons. Entry of ammonia into the systemic …

Interruption of mTOR-dependent signaling by rapamycin is known to stimulate autophagy,
both in mammalian cells and in yeast. Because activation of AMPK also inhibits mTOR-…