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The primary purpose of this chapter is to present a new model of the revision process in written
composition-a model based on the results of thinking-aloud protocol studies. We proceed …

The author identifies some of the persistent questions raised by people in education, business,
and government who want to judge how well their texts are working. She compares the …

Planning in writing is a strategic response to both the writing situation and the writer's own
knowledge. This paper describes a process adult writers bring to illdefined expository tasks, …

This study evaluated a method for teaching writers to anticipate readers' comprehension
needs. The method, called reader-protocol teaching, involves asking writers to predict readers' …

Research problem: Interest in plain-language communication has been growing in many
sectors of business and government, but knowledge about its development is scattered and in …

Document designers have been asking some difficult questions about quality—particularly
about how to recognize a quality document, describe its features, and measure its value. This …

While readability formulas were intended as a quick benchmark for indexing readabilty, they
are inherently unreliable: they depend on criterion (calibration) passages too short to reflect …

This exploratory study investigates how writers represent their task to themselves before
beginning to write. Using data from verbal protocols, we examine the initial plans of twelve …

Document design had its origins in the 1930s, but much of its development in theory,
research, and practice has occurred in the past ten years (1980--1990). This article provides a …