Sunspots are the most readily visible manifestations of solar magnetic field concentrations
and of their interaction with the Sun's plasma. Although sunspots have been extensively …

An overview is given of the observational and the theoretical methods used to investigate
solar magnetic fields. It includes an introduction to the Stokes parameters, their radiative …

The brightness of the Sun varies on all timescales on which it has been observed, and there
is increasing evidence that this has an influence on climate. The amplitudes of such …

During 2003--2015, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) has searched for $a\to\gamma$
conversion in the 9 T magnetic field of a refurbished LHC test magnet that can be directed …

Direct observations of sunspot numbers are available for the past four centuries 1 , 2 , but
longer time series are required, for example, for the identification of a possible solar influence …

Aims. Solar Orbiter, the first mission of ESA’s Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 programme and a
mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, will explore the Sun and …

Aims.Using a reconstruction of sunspot numbers stretching over multiple millennia, we analyze
the statistics of the occurrence of grand minima and maxima and set new observational …

A long-standing task in climate research has been to distinguish between anthropogenic
climate change and natural climate variability. A prerequisite for fulfilling this task is the …

Context. Long-term records of solar radiative output are vital for understanding solar variability
and past climate change. Measurements of solar irradiance are available for only the last …

Simulations of climate over the Last Millennium (850–1850 CE) have been incorporated into
the third phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). The drivers …