Considerable interspecific variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates,
particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality …

Humans and great apes are highly social species, and encounter conspecifics throughout
their daily lives. During social interactions, they exchange information about their emotional …

Despite controversial expectations that animals achieve reciprocal altruism, it is unclear if
nonhuman species possess the necessary cognitive abilities. For reciprocal altruism, …

Social learning, which is a mechanism that allows an individual to acquire skills from other
individuals, occurs in a social context. Therefore, factors that influence social context, like …

Planning has long been considered a uniquely human capacity. Lately, however, it has
been shown that apes and a corvid species act now to derive a material future benefit. Since …

Aggressive interactions can serve to secure resources. These interactions determine female
dominance relationships, which have been related to the monopolizability of food patches. …

Actively granting food to a companion is called pro-social behavior and is considered to be
part of altruism. Recent findings show that some non-human primates behave pro-socially. …

Consolation is a triadic postconflict interaction between a conflict participant and an uninvolved
third party. The term consolation implies stress alleviation. Consequently, consolation …

Social animals may employ evolved implicit rules to maintain a balance between cooperation
and competition. Inequity aversion (IA), the aversive reaction to an unequal distribution of …

Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species
with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the …